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Fawzia Amin Sido
فەوزییە ئەمین سیدۆ
Fewziya Emîn Seydo
Disappearedkidnapped in 2014
StatusReunited with parents 2024
Other namesIraqi Arabic: فوزية أمين سيدو
CitizenshipIraq
Children2 (whereabouts unknown)
FatherAmin Sido[1]
Family2 sisters and 5 brothers [2]

Fawzia Amin Sido (Kurdish: Fewziya Emîn Seydo[3] فەوزییە ئەمین سیدۆ [a] Iraqi Arabic: فوزية أمين سيدو [10][11] b. 1999[12] or 2003[1]) is a Yazidi woman from northern Iraq who was captured by the Islamic State (ISIS) as a 10-year-old child during the Yazidi genocide in 2014.[b] She was held in captivity for a decade and subjected to continuous physical and sexual abuse.

Initially she was forcibly married to a Palestinian ISIS militant in Syria, who sexually and physically abused her, resulting in having two children, before age 15. After the ISIS militant was killed, his family asked her to travel with the two children to the Gaza Strip, they arrived in 2020.[15] In 2023 the family's home was hit by an airstrike, and she fled to a shelter elsewhere in the Gaza Strip.[16] The IDF said that the strike killed a "Hamas terrorist affiliated with ISIS" who was holding her captive.[17]

Sido leaving the Gaza Strip was complicated by Iraq not having diplomatic relations with Israel.[15] She was eventually allowed to enter Israel, then escorted to Jordan by US officials, and ultimately reunited with her family in Sinjar, Iraq. Media report indicates that the United States, Israeli, Iraqi, and Jordanian governments collaborated in her evacuation from the Gaza Strip.

Background

[edit]

ISIS

[edit]

ideology

[edit]

ISIS was a theocratic proto-state,[18] or quasi-state,[19] and a Salafi jihadist group.[20][21][22][23][24][25] The organization's ideology has been described as a hybrid of Qutbism,[26][27][28][29][30][31] Takfirism,[26][32][33][34][35][21][29][36][37] Salafism,[20][24][38] Salafi jihadism,[20][21][22][23][39][35][40][41][42][24] Wahhabism,[43][20][21][22][35][39][40][41][23] and Sunni Islamist fundamentalism.[22][23][39][42][44][45]

Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)

[edit]
Main article: ISIS

The group is referred to by a variety of names, which are sometimes defined differently but often used interchangeably.[46] Israeli sources usually refer to them as ISIS.[47][48][49][50] Western sources often call them ISIL or "Islamic State" (the name the group use for themselves).[46] In the Arabic-speaking world they are called Daesh (Arabic:داعش), which is also used by some Kurdish speakers, the language of the Yazidis. Hamas – like other Arab and Islamic governments – usually refer to them derisively as followers of a "deviant ideology".[51]

state

[edit]

ISIS refer to themselves as state but they are recognised as such by no other states. At the peak of their power the so-called Islamic State controlled territory containing 9 million people, and 50,000 Twitter accounts that they used to recruit new members worldwide.[52] They are sometimes described as a "cult".[52]

provinces

[edit]

ISIS and their descendant "provinces" violently attacked anyone and anything that did not fit this, including many Sunni Muslims,[52] but they particularly focused on local minorities: Shia Muslims, Christians, Yazidis, and cultural heritage sites.[53][54][55][better source needed]

Yazidi genocide

[edit]

ISIS violently persecuted Shia Muslims and several groups that other Muslims usually respect as people of the book. Most Muslims include Christians and Jews as people of the book. Some interpretations also include Zoroastrianism.[56][57][58] Yazidis practice Yazidism, a monotheistic religion with roots in pre-Zoroastrian Iranic faith.[59][60][61][62][63]

ISIS committed genocide against the Yazidis. The Yazidi genocide has been recognized by the United Nations.[64] ISIS militants killed of up to 10,000 Yazidis. The violence also displaced over 400,000 Yazidis.[verification needed][64] More than 6,000 Yazid women and children were sold as chattel slaves by ISIS.[64] In various Yazidi villages, men and boys over 14 were separated from women and girls, with the men being executed and the women abducted as "spoils of war". Older women were also killed.[65] Some escaped Yazidi girls and women later reported being sold or given as "gifts" into sexual slavery to ISIS members.[66]

French nationals who were involved were prosecuted in France.[67]

The Yazidi women who returned were quickly accepted by their communities, who knew that they had not gone willingly.[68][69] Some Yazidi communities developed purification rituals for returned women.[65] But the Yazidi community did not accept children who were born from genocidal rapes committed by ISIS fighters.[68][69] Despite often being the victims of ISIS, widows and children of ISIS fighters faced difficulty seeking asylum, even if they were already citizens of other countries.[70][71][72] Some of them were recruited as minors,[73] or coerced by parents or husbands.[74] Countries were reluctant to repatriate parents (usually widowed mothers) with ambiguous loyalty to ISIS, and as a result young children were stranded in detention camps in Syria for many years.[72][70]

Accusations about Hamas and ISIS

[edit]

"Hamas is ISIS" was first asserted by Benjamin Netanyahu near the end of the 2014 Gaza War.[48] The comparison was criticized and mocked by some Israeli journalists.[49][48] Neyanyahu followed this by saying, “Hamas is ISIS and ISIS is Hamas”, in a 2014 speech at the United Nations.[75] Since the 2014 Gaza War, comparisons to ISIS became Netanyahu’s primary strategy for de-legitimizing Hamas.[47]

Egypt accused Hamas of assisting ISIS in the Sinai, but in public the two groups had a violently hostile relationship (see below).[76][77]

Israeli Major General Yoav “Polly” Mordechai accused Gaza of helping ISIS by providing medical care to people wounded in the Sinai conflict.[47] Medical ethics and international law supports providing treatment for all wounded, including irregular combatants.[78]

In 2016, the Head of the Department of Political Science at Hebron University,[79] said it was "dangerous" to conflate Hamas and ISIS.[75]

In the first days of the Israeli attack on the Gaza Strip in 2023, The Jerusalem Post quoted Benjamin Netanyahu saying, “They are savages. Hamas is ISIS”, the article then highlighted some alleged similarities in the groups' influences identified by Dr. Harel Chorev (from the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Tel Aviv University).[50] Chorev compared ISIS's Yazidi slaves to the hostages Hamas and their allies took,[50] and wanted to exchange for as many Palestinian prisoners of war as possible,[80][81] while keeping some hostages to use as human shields to deter Israeli strikes on Hamas leaders.[82]

But international military experts,[83] and mainstream international media,[84] pointed out major differences, particularly relating to nationalism, Shia Islam, Christianity, democracy, and destruction of cultural heritage.[83] ISIS want a purely theocratic system of government without any element of democracy, and ISIS violently attack Christians, whereas Hamas participated in the 2006 Palestinian legislative election and the Hamas-led electoral list that won the election included a Palestinian Christian running for the Christian reserved seat in Gaza City.[85][86]

Talal Abu Zarifa, a leader from the DFLP, a secular faction allied to Hamas, said Israel was using the comparison to "justify its annihilation of Palestinian people and bloodshed".[87]

Hamas–ISIS conflict

[edit]
See also: Sinai insurgency § In the Gaza Strip, and Islamist anti-Hamas groups in the Gaza Strip

Hamas have a history of violently suppressing Islamic extremists in the Gaza Strip. They have particularly clashed with supporters of Al-Qaeda and ISIS, and groups who conducted attacks against Palestinian Christians or other targets in the Gaza Strip.[88] In 2009, Hamas security forces eliminated a small group of Al-Qaeda sympathisers who established the Islamic Emirate of Rafah.[89][90][91][92][93][94][95]

ISIS arose in the rubble of the 2003 United States-led invasion of Iraq and the Syrian civil war (2011, ongoing), then later spread to the Sinai Peninsula and elsewhere.[96] Hamas in Gaza clashed directly with the Sinai Province, but Hamas were also connected to groups on multiple sides of the conflict with ISIS in Syria.

ISIS first discreetly issued threats to Hamas in 2015,[97] in the same video message they also threatened Hamas' two rivals Israel and Fatah.[98][better source needed]

Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip

[edit]

In 2015 Hamas began a propaganda campaign to combat extremist ideologies in the Gaza Strip, At the time they denied it was targeted at ISIS or any other specific group.[99] Mosques in the strip preached to promote a "centrist ideology".[99]

In 2017, an ISIS suicide bomber at Rafah Border Crossing killed a Hamas government border guard (Nidal al-Jaafari, 28) and injured serval others.[76][100] Before anyone had claimed responsibility, Hamas described the bomber as an outlaw and “a person of deviant ideology”, Hamas' terminology for Islamic extremists.[100] Other factions also condemned the bomber.[101]

Hamas arrested dozens of Salafi militants in the Gaza Strip.[77]

In early January 2018, Palestinians from the Gaza Strip who had joined ISIS Sinai Province, captured and killed a man who they claimed was connected to the Qassam Brigades.[102] The killers made a video of the murder and released it as a "declaration of war" against Hamas.[103][77] The speaker in the video is referred to as Abu Kazem al-Maqdisi.[77]

By 2023 the Egyptian branch of ISIS appeared to be completely dormant.[96]

Palestinians in the Syrian civil war

[edit]

In 2012 Hamas publicly turned against the Assad government and endorsed the Syrian opposition who were attempting to overthrow him.[104] In a speech in Cairo, when Ismail Haniyeh was visiting from the Gaza Strip, he said, "I salute all the nations of the Arab Spring and I salute the heroic people of Syria who are striving for freedom, democracy, and reform".[104] Government and opposition forces later both fought against ISIS in a multi sided conflict.[105][better source needed] This also put Hamas on a different side of the conflict to Iran, who Netanyahu also claims resemble to ISIS.[106][47]

The Syrian civil war and insurgency included Aknaf Bait al-Maqdis (Arabic: أكناف بيت المقدس "The environs of Jerusalem", Full name: كتائب أكناف بيت المقدس على أرض الشام "Aknaf Beit al-Maqdis Brigades on the Land of the Levant"),[107][108] a Palestinian militant group in the Yarmouk Camp in Damascus,[107] with ambiguous connections to Hamas.[109] The group fought against ISIS and against Assad government forces in the Yarmouk Camp.[107] Some sources say Hamas deny being connected to the group.[110]

Violence in Yarmouk Camp first erupted in 2012.[111] In 2015, ISIS attacked the Palestinian refugee camp at Yarmouk on the outskirts of Damascus.[111] ISIS attacked Yarmouk again in 2018.[112] Some PLO factions were involved in the fighting.[112] The al-Qaeda splinter group Tahrir al-Sham was involved.[113][114][115] As of 2021, 160,000 were still displaced.[116][117]

The violence in the Yarmouk camp made the Assad government very unpopular in Palestine.[118][119][120][better source needed]

Early life and captivity

[edit]
Politics of Syrian opposition
Symbols
Constitution
Executive
Legislature
Administrative divisions
Political parties
Foreign relations

Fawzia Amin Sido was abducted by ISIS on 3 August 2014,[121] a month before her 11th birthday.[15] On the first day of the attack,[122] when ISIS overran the Sinjar District in Iraq.[64] Two of her brothers were also captured, but her brothers were released 8 months later.[1] Since her kidnapping, her family has had little communication with her.[123]

By early 2015,[15] Sido was transferred to Raqqa, Syria, where she was forcibly married with a 24-year-old Palestinian ISIS militant.[123][15] She later recounted in an interview that "He told me that I had to sleep with him. On the third day, he went to a pharmacy and brought a drug that numbs part of the body. He gave me the drug and I cried".[15] She faced continuous sexual and physical abuse from her husband, becoming pregnant and giving birth to two children at a young age.[123][15] The husband became increasingly abusive, particularly after taking a second wife.[15]

Hamas claim the first man she was married to was fighting for the anti-Assad and anti-ISIS Syrian opposition forces, not ISIS.[124][125][126]

By the end of 2018, after U.S.-led Kurdish forces expelled ISIS from Syria, 15-year-old Saydo lost contact with her Palestinian captor, who fled to Idlib,[15] which had been captured from Assad government forces by non-ISIS Sunni Islamists in 2015. In early 2019, she briefly reunited with him before he was reported dead.[15]

Tavel to the Gaza Strip

[edit]

After the ISIS militant who bought her was killed, Sido traveled to live with his family in Gaza,[123] fearing rejection from her community in Iraq due to the circumstances of her children's conception.[15][68][69] She and her children undertook a four-year[verification needed] journey through Turkey and Egypt,[123] eventually arriving in the Gaza Strip around 2020.[123][15] Once there, she faced significant hardship at the hands of her husband's family. Isolated from her own family, community, and native language, she experienced profound distress while caring for her two young children in her new environment.[123]

On 3 October 2024, the Director General of Yazidi Survivors Affairs at the Iraqi Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs told Rudaw Media Network, "Fawzia was with an ISIS militant from the Gaza Strip, and his mother took her with her to the Strip 4 years ago after her son was killed".[127] Washington, State Department spokesman Matthew Miller said she was "kidnapped by ISIS in Iraq, sold and forced to marry a Hamas fighter in Gaza, moved to Gaza against her will".[14] The Voice of America interview said that she has chosen to go to Gaza because she worried that she or her children would be rejected by her parents and community.[14]

Living in the Gaza Strip

[edit]

Relationship with the family in Gaza

[edit]

Most sources said Sido was 21 when she left the Gaza Strip, but the media office in Gaza claimed she was 25.[125]

Rudaw TV's Arabic service reported that, after moving to the Gaza Strip, Sido married the younger brother of the Palestinian militant who died in Syria.[10]

The IDF claimed that Sido had been held captive by a "Hamas terrorist affiliated with ISIS".[17] Despite ISIS and Hamas having incompatible ideologies and a hostile relationship. Fox News claimed she was "forced to marry an alleged Hamas fighter" after arriving in Gaza.[128]

Suicide attempts and detention

[edit]

In an interview with The Jerusalem Post, Fawzia reported enduring severe abuse from both her husband's family and Hamas authorities, leading to multiple suicide attempts and a month of forced hospitalization.[123]

Some report that the Gaza Strip had an unusually high suicide rate, particularly among young people around the time she arrived.[129] In 2020 the Hamas government and the locally based non-government human rights group Al Mezan Center for Human Rights disagreed on the exact numbers, Al Mezan reported a "surge" while Hamas claimed there was a slight decrease.[130] According to Amira Hass, an Israeli journalist for Haaretz based in the occupied West Bank, some of the attempted suicides in the Gaza Strip were allegedly "political", including some reports of attempted self-immolation.[131][132]

Interrogation by authorities in Gaza

[edit]

CNN reported Fawzia as saying, “Hamas constantly harassed me due to my Yazidi background and contact with my family, even going so far as to format my phone [erase its contents] during their investigations. After a year, they moved me to a guest house”.[124]

Reasons for leaving

[edit]

Hamas claimed she left voluntarily.[12][133] Gaza's government media office released a statement on 4 October 2024 that contradicted most elements of the Israeli version of events.[126]

BBC Arabic quoted a long statement from Gaza's government press office in which Hamas contradicted most elements of the IDF story. They said that she was 25 years old and she had not been a captive (Arabic: الأسيرة, romanized: al-Aseera "the female prisoner of war" or "the female hostage").[13] Hamas claimed she was living in Gaza willingly and only wanted to leave because of the war.[125] The United States State Department spokesperson said Sido had been "safely evacuated", not "rescued".[134]

In a conversation with The Jerusalem Post, Sido expressed the gravity of her circumstances, "My situation is very bad. The situation here is grave in many ways. I need to find a way to get out of here as fast as possible. I want to get back to my family".[123] She reported enduring severe abuse from both her husband's family and Hamas authorities, lead to her multiple suicide attempts and forced hospitalization.[123] Despite feeling marginally safer in her current location, she conveyed her despair, questioning the purpose of sharing her story, stating, "Is there any benefit in me talking to you about my life, or is it just tiring me out? Because many have asked me and I told them everything, but unfortunately to no avail".[123]

Contact with the media

[edit]
See also: Rudaw Media Network

Using a cell phone[when?] Sido recorded a TikTok video detailing her plight, which received attention from Rudaw News, a Kurmanji-speaking media outlet, who subsequently assisted in locating her estranged family in Iraqi Kurdistan.[123]

She was interviewed by Kurdish language media in Iraq in August 2023, being the beginning of the escalation of the Israel–Palestine conflict in October 2023.[3] Fawzia was interviewed by presenter Nasser Ali on Rudaw TV with her face almost completely covered by a dark Niqāb.[1] Other Iraqi media interviewed her father, Amin Sido, and said he was critical of Rudaw's coverage.[1]

Airstrike

[edit]
See also: Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip, AI-assisted targeting in the Gaza Strip, and targeted killing by Israel

The Jerusalem Post said that in Gaza she was living with her two young children "at the home of her former husband’s family" (referring to the Palestinian who died in Syria).[123]

Steve Maman, a Canadian Jewish businessman and head of The Liberation of Christian and Yazidi Children of Iraq,[15][123] known for his efforts to rescue Yazidis from ISIS, told The Jerusalem Post in September 2024 that Fawzia Amin Sido escaped her captors in late 2023 after a "Hamas fighter" holding her was killed in an Israeli airstrike amid the ongoing conflict in Gaza.[123]

Children

[edit]

Major news reports published when Fawzia left the Gaza Strip did not mention what happened to her children or whether they survived the airstrike on the family's house.[15][123] Despite the length of the Hamas statement published by BBC Arabic, it did not mention where Sido's children were or whether they are still alive.[13]

Rescue operation

[edit]

In August 2024, an advisor to the Prime Minister of Iraq said that there were Yazidi women and children in both Iraq and Turkey and he was trying to rescue them.[135][better source needed]

After Fawzia was interviewed by Rudaw News, Maman[who?] facilitated communication between her family and Israeli authorities, urging swift[ambiguous] action from the Israeli National Security Council to orchestrate Sido's rescue and reunite her with her family. Utilizing his network, he arranged for a safe haven for Sido near Israel Defense Forces (IDF) positions,[123][unreliable source?] just two kilometers away from the Kerem Shalom border crossing.[15]

The rescue process was prolonged and repeatedly rescheduled due to the challenges posed by the diplomatic rift between Israel and Iraq and a 2022 Iraqi law that criminalizes any ties with Israel.[15] Le Monde credited the Israeli Army.[14]

On 3 October 2024, reports confirmed Sido's release from Gaza. Israeli intelligence said that they had uncovered her situation, and had engaged with U.S. authorities for further assistance.[64] An IDF report indicated that the operation involved coordination between the IDF's COGAT, the US Embassy in Jerusalem, and other members of the international community.[136] Sido eventually allowed to enter Israel through the Kerem Shalom border crossing,[136] where she received essential food and medical care, before being escorted by US officials to Jordan via the Allenby border crossing.[64] Saydo arrived in Baghdad on the morning of October 2, and was escorted by Iraqi intelligence officers to Mosul,[15] where she reunited with her mother and the rest of her surviving family.[64][16]

After her rescue, Brig. Gen. Elad Goren, who oversees Israeli humanitarian efforts in Gaza, remarked that Sido appeared to be "more or less" physically well but was "not in a good mental situation" after years of abuse.[64] A similar report was provided by Silwan Sinjaree, an official from the Iraqi Foreign Ministry.[66]

Fawzia's return to her parents and siblings was announced separately by Israel and Iraq.[136]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Kurdish language media has spelled her surname several ways: سیدۆ [4][5][6] or سەیدۆ [2] or سەیدیۆ [7][8][9]
  2. ^ Gaza's government media office said she was 3 or 4 years older,[13] Washington, State Department spokesman Matthew Miller said she was 11,[14] Voice of America said she was not yet 11.[15]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e "أمين سيدو والد المختطفة فوزية يتحدث عن قصة ظهورها على قناة روداو". Zewa News - وكالة زيوا الاخبارية (in Arabic). Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  2. ^ a b "A Kurdish woman kidnapped by ISIS has been rescued in Gaza" [ژنێکی کوردی ئێزدی کە لەلایەن داعشەوە رفێندرابوو لە غەززە رزگار کرا]. manage.rudaw.net (in Kurdish). Rudaw Kurdish. 3 October 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  3. ^ a b "Min çawa Fewziya Emîn Seydo li Xezeyê dît?". manage.rudaw.net. RÛDAW. 5 October 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  4. ^ "Israeli army: Yezidi woman rescued from Gaza and sent back to Iraq" [سوپای ئیسرائیل: ژنێکی ئێزدی لە غەززە رزگارکرا و نێردرایەوە عێراق]. manage.rudaw.net (in Kurdish). Rudaw Media Network. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  5. ^ "AVA tells the "sad" story of the rescue of a Kurdish girl in Gaza - AVA News" [ئاڤا چیرۆکی "دڵتەزێنی" ڕزگارکردنی کچێکی کوردی ئێزدی لە غەززە دەگێڕێتەوە]. AVA News (in Central Kurdish). www.ava.news. AVA News. 3 October 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  6. ^ "Israeli army: Yezidi woman rescued from Gaza and sent back to Iraq" [سوپای ئیسرائیل: ژنێکی ئێزدی لە غەززە ڕزگارکرا و نێردرایەوە ئێراق]. Kurdipedia.org. Kurdipedia کوردیپێدیا. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  7. ^ "ئەمەریکا لە پرۆسەیەکی دیپلۆماسی ئاڵۆزدا ژنێکی ئێزیدی لە غەززە ڕزگاردەکات" [United States rescues Yazidi woman in Gaza in complicated diplomatic process]. Voice of America (in Kurdish). 3 October 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  8. ^ "A Yazidi woman rescued in Gaza in a complicated diplomatic process; Read his story" [ە پڕۆسەیەکی دیپلۆماسی ئاڵۆزدا ژنێکی ئێزیدی لە غەززە ڕزگاركرا؛ چیرۆكه‌كه‌ی بخوێنه‌ره‌وه‌]. Xendan. 3 October 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  9. ^ "The United States rescues a Yazidi woman from Gaza in a complicated diplomatic process" [ئەمەریکا لە پرۆسەیەکی دیپلۆماسی ئاڵۆزدا ژنێکی ئێزیدی لە غەززە ڕزگاردەکات]. www.zamenpress.com. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  10. ^ a b "Freeing a Kurdish Yazidi girl in Gaza who was kidnapped by ISIS 10 years ago" تحرير فتاة كوردية إيزدية في غزة اختطفها داعش قبل 10 سنوات. www.rudaw.net (in Arabic). Iraq: Rudaw Media Network. 3 October 2024. Retrieved 7 October 2024. Quote: Arabic: "شقيقاً أصغر للمسلح عقد قرانه عليها واتخذها زوجة له"., lit. 'The gunman's younger brother married her and took her as his wife.'
  11. ^ Iraqi Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Arabic) https://mofa.gov.iq/2024/50444/
  12. ^ a b "Hamas counters abduction claim, says Yazidi woman's Gaza departure was voluntary". The Business Standard. 6 October 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  13. ^ a b c "Israel says 'Yazidi captive returned to Iraq after 10 years in captivity in Gaza', Hamas tells BBC 'Israeli story is fabricated'" [إسرائيل تقول إن "أسيرة إيزيدية عادت إلى العراق بعد الأسر في غزة عشر سنوات"، وحماس تقول لبي بي سي إن "الرواية الإسرائيلية مُلفقة"]. BBC News Arabic (in Arabic). 4 October 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  14. ^ a b c d "Israel army rescued Yazidi woman from Gaza after decade in captivity". Le Monde. AFP. 3 October 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Yazidi sex slave rescued from Gaza in rare, internationally collaborative mission". Voice of America. 3 October 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
  16. ^ a b Stocker, Joanne (3 October 2024). "Yazidi woman kidnapped by ISIS in Iraq escapes from Gaza a decade later, officials say - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  17. ^ a b "The IDF led by COGAT, in collaboration with the U.S. Embassy in Israel, rescued a young Yazidi woman held by a Hamas terrorist affiliated with ISIS in the Gaza Strip". www.idf.il. Israel Defense Forces. 3 October 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  18. ^ "proto-state"
  19. ^ "quasi-state"
  20. ^ a b c d e f Saltman, Erin Marie; Winter, Charlie (November 2014). Islamic State: The Changing Face of Modern Jihadism (PDF) (Report). Quilliam. ISBN 978-1-906603-98-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2015.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Bunzel, Cole (March 2015). "From Paper State to Caliphate: The Ideology of the Islamic State" (PDF). The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World. 19. Washington, D.C.: Center for Middle East Policy (Brookings Institution): 1–48. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  22. ^ a b c d e f Wood, Graeme (March 2015). "What ISIS Really Wants". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015.
  23. ^ a b c d e f Crooke, Alastair (30 March 2017) [27 August 2014]. "You Can't Understand ISIS If You Don't Know the History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 28 August 2014.
  24. ^ a b c d Meleagrou-Hitchens, Alexander; Hughes, Seamus; Clifford, Bennett (2021). "The Ideologues". Homegrown: ISIS in America (1st ed.). London; New York City: I. B. Tauris. pp. 111–148. ISBN 978-1-78831-485-5.
  25. ^ Hassan, Hassan (24 January 2015). "The secret world of Isis training camps – ruled by sacred texts and the sword". The Guardian.
  26. ^ a b Poljarevic, Emin (2021). "Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)". In Cusack, Carole M.; Upal, Muhammad Afzal (eds.). Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion 21. Boston; Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers. pp. 485–512. doi:10.1163/9789004435544_026. ISBN 978-90-04-43554-4. ISSN 1874-6691.
  27. ^
  28. ^ Manne, Robert (2017). Mind of the Islamic state: ISIS and the ideology of the caliphate. Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Prometheus Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-63388-371-0. ... several scholars have termed the ideology that provided the foundation of the Islamic State 'Qutbism'.
  29. ^ a b Poljarevic, Emin (2021). "Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)". In Cusack, Carole M.; Upal, Muhammad Afzal (eds.). Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion 21. Boston; Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers. pp. 485–512. doi:10.1163/9789004435544_026. ISBN 978-90-04-43554-4. ISSN 1874-6691.
  30. ^ * Manne, Robert (7 November 2016). "Sayyid Qutb: Father of Salafi Jihadism, Forerunner of the Islamic State". ABC Religion & Ethics. Australia: ABC Online. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018.
  31. ^ Manne, Robert (2017). Mind of the Islamic state: ISIS and the ideology of the caliphate. Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Prometheus Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-63388-371-0. ... several scholars have termed the ideology that provided the foundation of the Islamic State 'Qutbism'.
  32. ^ Badara, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki (November 2017). "Modern Extremist Groups and the Division of the World: A Critique from an Islamic Perspective". Arab Law Quarterly. 31 (4). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers: 305–335. doi:10.1163/15730255-12314024. ISSN 1573-0255.
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