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Soong sisters

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Soong family
宋嘉澍家族
Political family
The Soong sisters
CountryChina
Current regionMainly the United States
Place of originWenchang, Hainan
FounderCharlie Soong
Connected membersChiang Kai-shek
H. H. Kung
Sun Yat-sen
Connected familiesChiang family
Kung family
Sun family
TraditionsMethodism

The Soong sisters (Chinese: 宋氏姐妹; pinyin: Sòngshì Jiěmèi), Soong Ai-ling, Soong Ching-ling, and Soong Mei-ling, were three prominent women in modern Chinese history. Of Hakka descent, with ancestral roots in Wenchang, Hainan, they were raised as Christians in Shanghai and educated in the United States. All three sisters married powerful men, respectively, from eldest to youngest, H. H. Kung, Sun Yat Sen, and Chiang Kai-shek. Along with their husbands, they became among China's most significant political figures of the early 20th century.

Their father was American-educated Methodist minister Charlie Soong, who made a fortune in banking and printing. Their mother was Ni Kwei-tseng, also a Methodist who came from an Episcopalian family.[1][2] All three sisters attended Wesleyan College in Macon, Georgia, United States.[3] Mei-ling, however, left Wesleyan and eventually graduated from Wellesley College in Massachusetts. Their three brothers were all high-ranking officials in the Republic of China government, one of whom was T. V. Soong.

Their life stories have been summarized in a saying, sometimes attributed to Mao Zedong: "One loved money, one loved power, one loved her country", referring to Ai-ling, Mei-ling, and Ching-ling in that order.[4]

History

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Early life

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Ancestral home of the Soong family in Wenchang, Hainan

Charlie Soong, the father of the Soong sisters, was born in Wenchang, Hainan, in 1866, with the birth name Han Chiao Shun. He initially traveled to Java with his brother before being adopted by his uncle, who took them to Boston, United States, where Charlie worked as a shop assistant. His name was misunderstood by Americans as Charlie Soon and later became Charlie Soong.[5]

In Boston, Charlie met New Shan-chow and Wen Bingzhong [zh], frequent visitors to the shop, who encouraged him to pursue further education. In 1879, he fled the store and boarded the USS Albert Gallatin of the United States Revenue Cutter Service, where he was adopted by Captain Eric Gabrielson. Charlie became a Christian in Wilmington in 1880, becoming the first baptised Chinese person in North Carolina. With the support of a local church, he studied at Trinity College and later Vanderbilt University.[5]

The Soong family in 1917

He returned to China as a missionary in 1885 and later married Ni Kwei-tseng, a match arranged by Wen Bing-chung.[5] The couple initially engaged in missionary work and business in Kunshan, later continuing their missionary efforts in Chuansha.[6] Their first daughter, Ai-ling, was born on 15 July 1889 in Kunshan,[7] followed by two more daughters, Ching-ling and Mei-ling, as well as three sons, Tse-ven (T. V.), Tse-liang (T. L.) and Tse-an (T. A.).[7] Charlie resigned from the mission in 1892, due to insufficient fund to support his family and became a successful businessperson for printing the Bible.[7]

Education

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Charlie was deeply committed to education in the United States for his daughters.[8] He wanted them to receive a Methodist education, so he enrolled them at McTyeire School for Girls in Shanghai,[9] where Ching-ling studied from 1904 to 1907.[10] Acting on the advice of his missionary friend William Burke, who had ties to the Mulberry Street United Methodist Church in Macon, Charlie sent his eldest daughter Ai-ling to Wesleyan College in 1904.[11]

Ching-ling and Mei-ling was among the first government-funded female Chinese students to study in the United States. The group, consisting of ten male and four female students, departed from Shanghai on 1 August 1907 and arrived in Seattle on 28 August, under the escort of Wen Bingzhong [zh], the director of the Foreign Office of the Viceroy of Liangjiang.[12] Ching-ling first attended school in Summit, New Jersey, to study Latin and French to fulfil Wesleyan's entrance requirements.[13] She joined Ai-ling as a full-time college student at Wesleyan in the autumn of 1908, with their youngest sister Mei-ling accompanying them despite being only ten years old.[11]

Although the Soong sisters spent most of their time on campus, they also travelled across the United States, navigating the prevailing anti-Chinese sentiments of the time. They were warmly received by local communities in the American South. In the summer of 1910, Ching-ling and Mei-ling attended summer school together at Fairmount College. In the summer of 1912, they participated in a church-sponsored YMCA conference in Montreat, North Carolina. During several Christmas holidays, they visited Washington, D.C., where they were hosted as guests of the Chinese ambassador.[13]

Marriage

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After graduating, Ching-ling's elder sister, Ai-ling, returned to Shanghai in 1908 and became the secretary to Sun Yat-sen.[14] Sun became fascinated with Ai-ling, constantly gazing at her, although Ai-ling did not reciprocate his feelings in the same way.[15] Ching-ling graduated from Wesleyan in 1913, and returned to China via Yokohama, Japan, where she met Sun.[16] Ai-ling resigned in 1914 to marry H. H. Kung, passing the position on to Ching-ling,[14] who admired Sun as the hero who founded the Chinese Republic.[17] In the summer of 1915, Ching-ling returned to Shanghai, asking her parents for their permission to marry Sun, which shocked the family.[18] Ching-ling was confined at home in Shanghai, during which Sun divorced with his wife Lu Mu-zhen.[19]

Despite objections from her father,[20] Ching-ling married Sun Yat-sen on 25 October 1915.[21] There were limited witnesses in their wedding ceremony in Tokyo, which included Wada Mizu, who provided his home for the wedding,  Liao Zhong-kai and Liao's 11-year-old daughter Cynthia.[19] The Soong family chased Ching-ling to Tokyo, attempting to dissuade her from the marriage, with her father Charlie even appealing to the Japanese government to denounce Sun. Additionally, many of Sun’s colleagues did not acknowledge Ching-ling as his wife, referring to her as Miss Soong rather than Mrs Sun.[22]

During a visit to Sun's residence in Shanghai, Chiang Kai-shek encountered Ching-ling's younger sister, Mei-ling, for the first time and became enamoured with her. Subsequently, Chiang divorced his wife in Fenghua and sought Sun's counsel on pursuing Mei-ling. When Sun consulted Ching-ling on the matter, she expressed her strong disapproval. Sun then advised Chiang to wait, and Chiang obeyed.[23] In 1927, Mei-ling married Chiang, who was about to launch a purge against the CCP.[24] Ching-ling protested and left China after the purge.[25]

Reunion in the war

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The sisters visiting female Nationalist soldiers
The Soong sisters with Chiang Kai-shek in Chongqing

In 1937, when the Second Sino-Japanese war broke out, all three of them got together after a 10-year separation in an effort to unite the Kuomintang and Communists against the Imperial Japanese army. Soong Ai-ling devoted herself to social work such as helping wounded soldiers, refugees and orphans. She donated five ambulances and 37 trucks to the army in Shanghai and the air force, along with 500 leather uniforms. When the Japanese occupied Nanjing and Wuhan, the three sisters moved to Hong Kong. In 1940, they returned to Chongqing and established the Chinese Industrial Cooperatives, which opened job opportunities for people through weaving, sewing and other crafts. The sisters frequently visited schools, hospitals, orphanages, air raid shelters and aided war torn communities along the way.[26]

Break-up and deaths

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In 1944, Soong Ai-ling left China for Brazil to receive medical treatment and later settled in the United States in 1946. In November 1948, Soong Mei-ling travelled to the United States to seek support for her husband, Chiang Kai-shek, and the Kuomintang. In May 1949, she wrote to Soong Ching-ling, asking if there was anything she could do for her sister in China. This letter marked the last communication between Mei-ling and Ching-ling. Following the Kuomintang's defeat in the Chinese Civil War, Mei-ling arrived in Taipei, Taiwan, in 1950, while Ching-ling remained on the mainland and joined the Communist-led government. In 1957, Ching-ling wrote to Ai-ling, requesting her to return to China.[27]

In 1969, Ai-ling and Mei-ling attended the funeral of their brother T. A. Soong in San Francisco, but Ching-ling was absent. In 1971, T. V. Soong passed away in San Francisco, and his funeral was scheduled to take place in New York. Mei-ling flew from Taiwan to Hawaii for a stopover, during which Chiang Kai-shek urged her to cancel her trip. She later learned that the Communist Chinese government had informed the U.S. government of Ching-ling’s intention to attend the funeral in New York. Consequently, Mei-ling and Ai-ling both cancelled their trips, and none of the sisters attended their brother's funeral. Ai-ling died in New York in 1973. Ching-ling had planned to reunite with Mei-ling in Japan before her death, which did not come true.[27]

In 1981, Ching-ling fell critically ill. Her family sent a telegram to Mei-ling, hoping for a reunion. Mei-ling responded, suggesting that Ching-ling be sent to New York, United States instead.[27] As a potential family reunion in Beijing was seen as a threat to the legitimacy of her stepson, Taiwanese President Chiang Ching-kuo. Xinhua noted that other family members were present at the time of Soong's passing, she did not reunite with her sister.[28] She was later invited by the Communist Chinese government for the funeral,[29] but she told Chiang Ching-kuo, his stepson, that she would not come.[27] Deng Xiaoping mentioned that Soong, the aunt of Chiang Ching-kuo, had expressed hope for reunification talks between the governments of Beijing and Taipei in the near future.[30]

Ching-ling was buried in the Soong family graveyard in June. In January 1984, the cemetery was re-organised as the Mausoleum of Soong Ching Ling, Honorary Chairman of the People's Republic of China, which came under state protection in February 1982.[31][32] Before Mei-ling died in 2003, she had refused to be buried in Taiwan and hoped to be buried with her parents in Shanghai, which was not acceptable for the Kuomintang. As a result, she was buried in the United States instead.[33]

Family members

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Three sisters

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Name Portrait Life span Resting place Description
From To
Soong Ai-ling 15 July 1889 20 October 1973 Ferncliff Cemetery and Mausoleum Soong Ai-ling (1890–1973) was a Chinese socialite and political figure. She married H. H. Kung, a prominent financier and government official. After the Chinese Civil War, she moved to the United States, where she became involved in philanthropy and maintained ties with the Kuomintang. Ai-ling was noted for her wealth, remaining a significant figure in the Chinese diaspora until her death in 1973.
Soong Ching-ling 27 January 1893 29 May 1981 Soong Ching-ling Mausoleum Soong Ching-ling (1893–1981) was a Chinese political leader and the wife of Sun Yat-sen, the founding father of the Republic of China. After Sun's death, she was initially aligned with the Kuomintang, and later supported the Communists, advocating for the Chinese revolution and national unity. Soong played a key role in promoting social welfare and women's rights. After the Chinese Civil War, she remained in mainland China, where she became a vice-chairperson of the People's Republic of China. She continued her political work until her death in 1981.
Soong Mei-ling 4 March 1898 23 October 2003 Ferncliff Cemetery and Mausoleum Soong Mei-ling (1898–2003) was a Chinese political figure and the wife of Chiang Kai-shek. As First Lady of the Republic of China, she garnered support for China from Western nations during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Educated in the United States, she was fluent in English and often acted as a spokesperson for her husband's government. After the Kuomintang's defeat in the Chinese Civil War, Soong Mei-ling moved to Taiwan with Chiang, where she remained active in politics. She was a symbol of the Kuomintang cause in shaping Taiwan until her death in 2003.

Parents

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Name Portrait Relation Life span Resting place Description
From To
Charlie Soong Father 17 October 1861 3 May 1918 Shanghai International Cemetery (renamed as Soong Ching-ling Mausoleum) Charlie Soong (1866–1918) was a prominent Chinese businessman, missionary, and political figure. He played a key role in funding the revolutionary activities of Sun Yat-sen, contributing to the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China.
Ni Kwei-tseng Mother 22 June 1869 23 July 1931 Shanghai International Cemetery (renamed as Soong Ching-ling Mausoleum) Ni Kwei-tseng (1869–1931) was a prominent Chinese matriarch best known as the wife of Charlie Soong and the mother of the influential Soong sisters: Soong Ai-ling, Soong Ching-ling, and Soong Mei-ling. Her daughters played pivotal roles in 20th-century Chinese history.

Brothers

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Name Portrait Relation Life span Resting place Description
From To
T. V. Soong Brother 4 December 1894[34] 25 April 1971[34] Ferncliff Cemetery and Mausoleum T. V. Soong, a prominent Chinese politician and financier. He played a pivotal role in stabilising the economy and securing foreign aid during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Known for his negotiation skills, he established strong ties with international powers, particularly the United States, which bolstered China's wartime efforts. Despite his achievements, he was also criticised for the perception of wealth accumulation by the Soong family, a narrative that became part of China's political discourse.
T. L. Soong Brother 27 March 1903 11 May 1987 Ferncliff Cemetery and Mausoleum T. L. Soong is known for his role as a Chinese diplomat and for his work in fostering international relations during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
T. A. Soong Brother 27 April 1906 25 February 1969 Mountain View Cemetery T. A. Soong, a lesser-known member of the influential Soong family, was primarily involved in the banking and financial sector.

Spouses

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Name Portrait Relation Life span Resting place Description
As To From To
H.H. Kung Husband Soong Ai-ling 11 September 1880 16 August 1967 Ferncliff Cemetery and Mausoleum H. H. Kung (Kung Hsiang-hsi) was a prominent Chinese businessman, politician, and banker. A descendant of Confucius, Kung married Soong Ai-ling. He served as China's Minister of Finance, Minister of Industry, and Vice Premier under the Nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-shek.
Sun Yat-sen Husband Soong Ching-ling 12 November 1866 12 March 1925 Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925) was a revolutionary leader and statesman known as the "Father of Modern China." He played a pivotal role in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty and establishing the Republic of China in 1912. Sun was the founder of the Kuomintang and a key proponent of the "Three Principles of the People".
Chiang Kai-shek Husband Soong Mei-ling 31 October 1887 5 April 1975 Mausoleum of Late President Chiang Chiang Kai-shek (1887–1975) was a Chinese military and political leader who headed the Kuomintang and led the Nationalist government in the early 20th century. After Sun Yat-sen's death in 1925, he led China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Following World War II, Chiang's government clashed with the Chinese Communist Party, leading to the Chinese Civil War. After defeat, he retreated to Taiwan in 1949, where he continued to claim legitimacy as China's leader, imposing martial law and maintaining an authoritarian regime until his death in 1975.

Cultural materials

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  • The Soong Sisters, the award-winning 1997 Hong Kong film depicting the lives of the sisters
  • The Soong Sisters, a 1941 book by Emily Hahn
  • The Soong Dynasty, a 1985 book by Sterling Seagrave, ISBN 978-0-283-99238-4
  • Big Sister, Little Sister, Red Sister, a 2019 book by Jung Chang, ISBN 9781910702796

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Carl Crow – A Tough Old China Hand: The Life, Times, and Adventures of an American in Shanghai. Hong Kong University Press. October 2006. ISBN 9789622098022.
  2. ^ "The Soong sisters".
  3. ^ "The Soong Sisters". History of the College. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
  4. ^ Donovan, Sandy (July 2006). Sandy Donovan, "Madame Chiang Kai-Shek: Face of Modern China", Compass Point Books, 2007. Capstone. ISBN 9780756519896.
  5. ^ a b c "宋氏家族之父与美国海岸警卫队". ShareAmerica (in Simplified Chinese). U.S. Department of State. 9 March 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
  6. ^ ""宋家王朝"的余姚巾帼倪桂珍". Yahoo China (in Simplified Chinese). 20 October 2010. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  7. ^ a b c Zhang 2019, p. 39.
  8. ^ Salisbury, Harrison E. (3 June 1972). "Dinner With Mrs. Sun Yat‐sen in Old Peking". New York Times.
  9. ^ Hahn 1941, pp. 35.
  10. ^ China Soong Ching Ling Foundation. "Part 2: Dr Sun Yat-sen, Madam Soong Ching-ling and Hong Kong". “Dr Sun Yat-sen, Madam Soong Ching-ling and Hong Kong” Photos Exhibition. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Rosamond Foundation Company Limited. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  11. ^ a b Brannon, Barbara A. (1997). "China's Soong Sisters at Wesleyan". Wesleyan Magazine.
  12. ^ Chen, David (2022). "Dr. Chi Che Wang's foreign hometown: the career path of the first Chinese woman professional scientist and her transnational migration options in early 1920s" (PDF). Bulletin of Association for the History of Science (in Chinese) (27). Taipei, Taiwan: Association for the History of Science: 138–143.
  13. ^ a b Peng, Juanjuan (2023). "Searching the early lives of the Soong sisters in Macon, Georgia: three Chinese overseas students in the American South" (PDF). International Journal of Asian Studies. 20 (2): 777–792. doi:10.1017/S1479591423000049. ISSN 1479-5914.
  14. ^ a b Brannon, Barbara A. (1997). "China's Soong Sisters at Wesleyan". Wesleyan Magazine.
  15. ^ Zhang 2019, pp. 53–54.
  16. ^ China Soong Ching Ling Foundation. "Part 2: Dr Sun Yat-sen, Madam Soong Ching-ling and Hong Kong". “Dr Sun Yat-sen, Madam Soong Ching-ling and Hong Kong” Photos Exhibition. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Rosamond Foundation Company Limited. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  17. ^ Zhang 2019, p. 66.
  18. ^ Zhang 2019, p. 68.
  19. ^ a b Zhang 2019, p. 69.
  20. ^ Brannon, Barbara A. (1997). "China's Soong Sisters at Wesleyan". Wesleyan Magazine.
  21. ^ China Soong Ching Ling Foundation. "Part 2: Dr Sun Yat-sen, Madam Soong Ching-ling and Hong Kong". “Dr Sun Yat-sen, Madam Soong Ching-ling and Hong Kong” Photos Exhibition. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Rosamond Foundation Company Limited. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  22. ^ Zhang 2019, p. 70.
  23. ^ Hahn 1941, p. 105.
  24. ^ "The Soong sisters: Women of influence in 20th Century China". BBC News. 11 October 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  25. ^ Zhu, Jiulin (2009). "Study on Soong Ching Ling and Deng Yanda after the Great Revolution". In Shanghai Sun Yat-sen Soong Ching-ling Cultural Relics Management Committee (ed.). Sun Yat-sen & Soong Ching Ling: Archives & Research (PDF) (in Chinese). Vol. 1. Shanghai: Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House.
  26. ^ Peterson, Barbara Bennett (ed.). (2000). Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early 20th century. M.E. Sharp publishing. ISBN 0-7656-0504-X.
  27. ^ a b c d "宋庆龄晚年思念宋美龄：不断假设其回国接待程序-中新网". www.chinanews.com.cn. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  28. ^ "Soong Ching Ling, honorary president of China and the... - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
  29. ^ The Associated Press (30 May 1981). "Soong Ching-ling dies in Peking; Widow of Sun Yat-sen was 90". New York Times.
  30. ^ Sterba, James P. (4 June 1981). "Soong Ching-Ling is eulogized by Deng". New York Times.
  31. ^ "宋庆龄陵园建设的前前后后". Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2010.
  32. ^ Qin, T.; Wang, Y.; Li, J.; Tang, Z.; Dai, S. (28 August 2021). "Conservation and Maintenance Concepts of Soong Ching Ling's Dolomite Marble Statue in Shanghai and Supporting Survey Methods". The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. XLVI-M-1-2021: 579–584. doi:10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVI-M-1-2021-579-2021. ISSN 1682-1750.
  33. ^ Müller, Gotelind (2021). Chinese Grave Problems: The Historical Trajectory of the Republican-Era, Sun-Chiang-Soong Families as Mirrored in Their Tombs. [object Object]. doi:10.11588/xarep.00004474.
  34. ^ a b "T. V. Soong". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 24 November 2024.

Bibliography

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