Sarcastic fringehead
| Sarcastic fringehead | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Blenniiformes |
| Family: | Chaenopsidae |
| Genus: | Neoclinus |
| Species: | N. blanchardi
|
| Binomial name | |
| Neoclinus blanchardi Girard, 1858
| |
The sarcastic fringehead (Neoclinus blanchardi) is a small but hardy saltwater tube-blenny that possesses a large mouth and aggressive territorial behavior, for which it has been given its common name.[2] The term 'fringehead' reflects the distinctive ruff of tissue surrounding the fish's neck, while the adjective 'sarcastic' adds a layer of intrigue, hinting at the fish's combative and often humorous nature.[3] The specific name honors Dr. S. B. Blanchard of San Diego, California, who collected specimens of this blenny and passed them on to Charles Frédéric Girard, who described it.[4]
Appearance
[edit]Sarcastic fringeheads can be up to 30 centimetres (12 in) long,[6] elegant and slender,[2] and are mostly scaleless with great pectoral fins and reduced pelvic fins. The swimming movements of these fish mainly consist of short, dart-like movements.[7] Their body coloration varies from warm brown to gray with a blotchy appearance.[8]
Male sarcastic fringeheads are distinguished by their extremely wide mouth gape, which, when open, may be as much as four times its size when closed. The interior of the mouth is brightly colored,[9] with yellow at the posterior, which is hypothesized to amplify its display.[8][10] Additionally, properties in their buccopalatal membrane give them a green fluorescent appearance.[7]
Similar Species
[edit]The Long-jawed Mudsucker (Gillichthys mirabilis), a similar species, also displays gaping behavior and elongated maxillae, indicating convergent evolution related to shelter defense strategies.[5] Out of the three fringehead species (Sarcastic, Onespot, and Yellowfin), the sarcastic fringehead is the most aggressive.[8] The jaw mechanics of Neoclinus blanchardi are similar to those of the extinct ichthyodectiform Dugaldia emmilta, indicating a shared evolutionary adaptation for maximizing mouth gape through lateral jaw movements.[11]
Ecology and behavior
[edit]
Sarcastic fringeheads live along sandy and muddy bottoms below the low tide line. They tend to back into objects and cavities, such shells, burrows, and crevices,[6][9] exposing only their heads.[12][2] They are also found living in man-made objects, such as bottles and soda cans.[6][9]
When two fringeheads have a territorial scuffle, they wrestle by pressing their distended mouths against each other, in a kissing motion. They press against each other until one is able to bite the other's head.[10] This allows them to determine which is the larger fish, which establishes dominance.[14] This is thought to be male-male competition for shelter, which is vital for the species' survival in these highly competitive environments.[citation needed][12] When a sarcastic fringehead loses a wrestling match with an intruder, it becomes displaced and must search for a new shelter, a process that can consume significant time and energy that could otherwise be spent foraging or mating.[15] The time wasted searching for a new shelter can increase the risk of predation, as displaced fringeheads become more vulnerable while searching for a new home.[15] The outcome of wrestling matches among fringeheads can be viewed as a stochastic process, where each encounter has a range of outcomes that affect the individual's daily energy expenditure and survival.[15] Their cranial adaptations, especially their enlarged jaws, play a crucial role in territorial displays, which are important for competing for space in their rocky, subtidal habitats.[12] The timing of developmental changes in the Sarcastic Fringehead's morphology directly influences its display capacity; younger individuals exhibit less pronounced behaviors in aggressive displays due to their smaller size and less developed jaw structures compared to mature adults, whose aggressive displays are amplified as they age.[7] Although gaping displays are common in other Neoclinus species, the sarcastic fringehead (N. blanchardi) stands out with its unique display, which involves the lateral flaring of its unusually long maxillae.[7] Divers have observed that despite the fish’s small size, typically between 6 and 10 inches, its territorial aggression and jaw-flaring display can be deceptively intense during encounters.[8] Neoclinus Blanchard exhibits significant mobility of the maxilla due to its conical shape and deep socket.[11] The flaring of maxillary membranes and other morphological features can be crucial for visual communication among conspecifics.[16] The sarcastic fringehead exhibits distinct variations in aggressive displays compared to other fringehead species, suggesting that ecological pressures, such as heightened competition for resources, have shaped its unique behavioral traits.[7] The evolution of the Sarcastic Fringehead’s aggressive display is a prime example of heterochrony, where changes in the timing and rate of development have resulted in enhanced features that amplify its territorial and mating behaviors.[7]
Reproduction
[edit]The female spawns roughly 3,000 eggs under a rock,[2] in clam burrows, or in other containers, after which the male plays a crucial role in guarding and fanning the eggs until they hatch.[6][8] Sarcastic fringeheads spawn between January and August at depths ranging from 45 to 90 feet.[8] The genital papilla, located at the rear of the urogenital opening, differs between sexes: males have a pointed papilla, while females have a rounded one.[7] Sarcastic fringeheads can live up to a maximum of about 6 years, which contributes to their reproductive strategies.[7]
Feeding Habitats
[edit]Due to the size of their mouths, sarcastic fringeheads are categorized as ram-suction feeders, relying on fast burst speeds and moderate suction to capture prey.[17] During squid spawning season, they can consume large numbers of squid eggs.[9] Outside of that, they mainly feed on crustaceans and planktonic prey.[2][9] They modulate their gape size during feeding, using only half of their maximum mouth opening to eat.[17] Variability in daily foraging time, influenced by the frequency of territorial encounters, may shape evolutionary adaptations in fringeheads, including gut size and efficiency based on food availability.[15]
Distribution
[edit]
They are found in the Pacific, off the coast of North America, from San Francisco, California, to central Baja California. Their depth range is from 3 to 73 metres (10 to 240 ft).[6] Sarcastic fringeheads are part of the Neoclinus genus, which is found on both sides of the North Pacific Ocean but not in the waters between. This distribution suggests a historical dispersal event from their origin in the eastern Pacific.[19]
Conservation Status
[edit]The sarcastic fringehead is classified as 'Least Concern' by the IUCN due to relatively low threats from human activities and its occurrence in areas that are protected.[18] Despite their small size, sarcastic fringeheads are unlikely to be targeted by fishers due to their aggressive nature. When caught accidentally, sport and commercial anglers often find it challenging to handle due to the likelihood of being bitten by its needle-like teeth if it becomes agitated. Divers have noted that these feisty fish can damage their wetsuits.[2]
References
[edit]- ^ Williams, J.T.; Craig, M.T. (2014). "Neoclinus blanchardi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T185133A1770082. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T185133A1770082.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Sarcastic Fringehead: Neoclinus blanchardi". Aquarium of the Pacific.
- ^ Knowlton, Nancy (2010). Citizens of the Sea: Wondrous Creatures from the Census of Marine Life. National Geographic Books. ISBN 978-1-4262-0643-6.
- ^ Christopher Scharpf; Kenneth J. Lazara (10 November 2018). "Order BLENNIIFORMES: Families CLINIDAE, LABRISOMIDAE and CHAENOPSIDAE". ETYFish Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
- ^ a b c Hongjamrassilp, Watcharapong (2016). "Heterochrony and the evolution of an aggressive display of the Sarcastic Fringehead (Blenniiformes: Neoclinus blanchardi)". Proquest.
- ^ a b c d e Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Neoclinus blanchardi". FishBase. February 2013 version.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hongjamrassilp, Watcharapong; Summers, Adam P.; Hastings, Philip A. (May 2018). "Heterochrony in fringeheads ( Neoclinus ) and amplification of an extraordinary aggressive display in the Sarcastic Fringehead (Teleostei: Blenniiformes)". Journal of Morphology. 279 (5): 626–635. doi:10.1002/jmor.20798. ISSN 0362-2525.
- ^ a b c d e f Feder, Howard M.; Turner, Charles H.; Limbaugh, Conrad (1974). "Fish Bulletin 160. Observations On Fishes Associated With Kelp Beds in Southern California". Fish Bulletin. Scripps Institution of Oceanography Library, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego.
- ^ a b c d e "Sarcastic Fringehead". Oceana. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
- ^ a b Hongjamrassilp, Watcharapong; Skelton, Zachary; Hastings, Philip (9 May 2023). "Function of an extraordinary display in sarcastic fringeheads (Neoclinus blanchardi) with comments on its evolution". Ecology: Ecological Society of America. 104 (1): e3878. Bibcode:2023Ecol..104E3878H. doi:10.1002/ecy.3878. PMID 36203364.
- ^ a b Cavin, Lionel; Berrell, Rodney W. (22 August 2019). "Revision of Dugaldia emmilta (Teleostei, ichthyodectiformes) from the Toolebuc Formation, Albian of Australia, with Comments on the Jaw Mechanics". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1).
- ^ a b c Hubbs, Clark (1953). "Revision and Systematic Position of the Blenniid Fishes of the Genus Neoclinus". Copeia. 1953 (1): 11–23. doi:10.2307/1440237. ISSN 0045-8511.
- ^ John Downer Productions (2024-02-16). Robotic Sarcastic Fringehead Had To Open Its Big Mouth. Retrieved 2024-11-07 – via YouTube.
- ^ Denny, Mark; Steven Gaines (2002). Chance in Biology. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 13. ISBN 0691094942.
- ^ a b c d Denny, Mark; Gaines, Steven (12 November 2000). Chance in Biology : Using Probability to Explore Nature (1st ed.). Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press (published 2000). pp. 12–105. ISBN 9781400841400.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Crabtree, C. Ben (1985). "Sexual dimorphism of the upper jaw in Gillichthys mirabilis" (PDF). Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences: 96–103.
- ^ a b "Kinematics of Feeding in Sarcastic Fringeheads, Neoclinus blanchardi (Teleostei Blenniiformes)". SICB. Retrieved 2024-11-05.
- ^ a b Williams, J.T.; Craig, M.T. (2014). "Sarcastic Fringehead". IUCN Red List.
- ^ Hongjamrassilp, Watcharapong; Murase, Atsunobu; Miki, Ryohei; Hastings, Philip A. (2020). "Journey to the West: Trans-Pacific Historical Biogeography of Fringehead Blennies in the Genus Neoclinus (Teleostei: Blenniiformes)". PubMed.
External links
[edit]
